Introduction

Most real-world business processes contain some element of activity happening in parallel. Subflows is the architecture that we use to create, manage, and complete parallel workflow branches.

Subflows were a major change introduced in Flows for APEX release 4.0.

This documentation explains the subflow architecture, its implementation, and how to interact with subflows to create low-code BPMN-based workflows using Flows for APEX.

Flows, Instances and Subflows

A Flow or Business Process is defined using a BPMN Diagram, which is identified by a Diagram Name and Diagram ID. This defines the rules and sequence in which all of the tasks of business process should be executed. For example, the following BPMN diagram below shows the business process definition for an Order Shipment process.

Order Shipment Process

A Flow Instance is one occurrence of this Flow or business process. Building on our Shipping example, this process model would be followed for all orders. There would be one Flow Instance followed for each order processed.

Within that flow instance, there could be one or more subflows running at any time. Each subflow is a branch of the process tree. Continuing to build our example, the process instance starts with a single subflow running. Once it passes the first object, a parallel gateway, there would then be two subflows running - one with ‘Decide if …’ activity as the next activity, and a second with ‘Package Goods’ as its first activity.

As the flow instance continues, additional subflows can be added, multiple subflows can be synchronized and combined into one, and subflows can end. Subflows are transient objects that are created as they are required, processed, and deleted once they are finished with.

As the process continues, and each object is completed, a record of object completion is kept in the FLOW_SUBFLOW_LOG table. This is used to show step completion in the BPMN viewer plugin. In addition, flow, instance, step, and variable events are logged into a series of event log tables for process monitoring and auditing purposes.

Subflow Behavior

Process Instance Creation

When a Process Instance is created, a Process is created in the FLOW_PROCESSES table. The process has a status of created. At this point, it does not have any Subflows associated with it.

Instance creation is logged in the instance event log, if logging is enabled.

Process Instance Start

When the Process Instance is started, the Process Instance status is set to started and a subflow is created for the process. This ‘main’ subflow has a current object of the Start Event.

All subflows are marked with where they started – in this case, the opening StartEvent.

A subflow also has a status – in this case, the status is running.

The Process Start automatically calls a flow_complete_step event on the ‘main’ subflow. In our example this steps the ‘main’ subflow to the next object, an opening (splitting) parallel gateway.

Instance start is logged in the instance event log, if logging is enabled.

Standard Subflow Progression

Unless the subflow reaches a Gateway or an Event, the subflow progresses from object to object each time the user application signals that the current activity is completed by making a flow_complete_step call on the subflow.

As it progresses, the subflow’s current object and last completed object are updated.

Step Keys

Subflow Step Keys (new in 22.1) ensure the same step isn’t performed twice, by accident. If enabled, the Flows for APEX engine generates a Step Key for each process step. When a user wants to perform a step operation, they must supply the correct step key to the engine for the step operation to be performed. This prevents more than one user trying to make the same step transition, and by mistake, moving the process forward 2 steps. The first user will be able to make his step operation and move the process forward one step; the second user will now be supplying an incorrect key for the new step, and so his operation will (correctly) fail.

Step Keys should be enabled for all new projects, and any legacy applications built with v21 or earlier should adopt Step Keys in their next update.

Action at an opening Exclusive Gateway

An opening Exclusive Gateway acts as a decision point, from which the process continues on just one forward path.

When a subflow reaches an Exclusive Gateway, it just continues along on the chosen path. No additional subflows are created. Routing instructions are provided for the gateway by setting a process variable named <bpmn_id_of_gateway>:route containing the bpmn_id of the required forward paths to be taken. (See Gateways And Parallel Flows for more details and an example.) If a Process Variable is not found with the routing instructions, the marked default path is taken.

Action at a Parallel Gateway

An opening Parallel Gateway acts as the launch point for multiple forward paths. Unless each forward path continues to its own End Event, the parallel paths all meet at a closing, or synchronizing parallel gateway later in the process.

At an opening Parallel Gateway:

  • the incoming subflow is suspended with a status of split.
  • a new child subflow is created for each of the forward paths. Each child subflow has a starting object set to the Gateway, last completed object set to the Gateway, and a flow_complete_step is performed to move it onto the first object in that subflow.

A merging Parallel Gateway has to synchronize the parallel child subflows, and once all of the parallel child subflows have completed (reached the Gateway), then causes the process to move forwards again on a single branch. This then acts as a merge and a synchronization of the child subflows back into the parent.

At a merging Parallel Gateway:

  • the first subflow to reach the gateway has its status changed from running to waiting at gateway.
  • each subsequent subflow to reach the gateway likewise has its status changed from running to waiting at gateway.
  • when all of the child subflows originating from the opening parallel gateway have a status of waiting at gateway, the closing parallel gateway can continue. Each of the child subflows is completed and then deleted. The original parent subflow, left behind at the starting parallel gateway with a status of split, has its status changed back to running, with its current object set to the merging gateway. A flow_complete_step is then performed to move the parent subflow onto the next object in its sequence.

At a combined merging and reopening Parallel Gateway, all of the incoming child subflows are processed, as for a merging Parallel Gateway, above. Once all child flows have reached the gateway, it then performs the activities of an Opening Gateway to create a new set of child subflows for the forward path.

Action at an Inclusive Gateway

An opening Inclusive Gateway acts as the launch point for one or more forward paths, depending upon meeting the conditions required for each path. Unless each forward path continues to its own End Event, the parallel paths all meet at a closing, or synchronizing inclusive gateway later in the process.

The basic subflow mechanism is similar to that for a parallel gateway, described above.

Like a Parallel Gateway, the incoming subflow is paused with a status of split.

A child subflow is created for each forward path that is chosen. Routes that do not meet the Inclusive Gateway criteria are not instantiated. Routing instructions are provided for the gateway by setting a process variable named <bpmn_id_of_gateway>:route with a colon separated list of the bpmn_id’s of the paths to be taken. (See Gateways And Parallel Flows for more details and an example.) If a Process Variable is not found with the routing instructions, the marked default path is taken.

As each parallel child subflow reaches its merging / closing Inclusive Gateway object, they are set to status waiting at gateway.

When all of the chosen child subflows have reached the merging gateway, they are complete and the original parent subflow resumes its status of running and continues on the forward path.

At a combined merging and reopening Inclusive Gateway, all of the incoming child subflows are processed, as for a merging Inclusive Gateway, above. Once all child flows have reached the gateway, it then performs the activities of an Opening Gateway to create a new set of child subflows for the forward path.

Action at a Sub Process

When a subflow reaches an object which is a Sub Process, the parent subflow changes its status to in subprocess and waits.

A new subflow is created, which runs as the sub process. It starts at the sub process Start Event, and continues to execute its sequence flow in the sub process. It has a status of running. This new subflow is running in a new Process Level. The Process Level starts at the sub process Start Event, and runs until all processing in the sub process has completed or been terminated.

When the sub process flow reaches the End Event in the Sub Process:

  • the sub process subflow completes.
  • If there are no other subflows active in the sub process, the sub process is also then deemed to have completed, and so the Process Level is complete, and control passes back to the parent subflow.
  • the parent process task, which has been waiting, changes its status from in subprocess to running, and continues to operate at the parent Process level by doing a flow_complete_step operation.

If a sub process itself contains a sub-process object, new Process Levels are opened for each level of sub-process, allowing sub processes to be nested indefinitely.

As an implementation detail, the Process Level of the top level in a process instance is always Process_level 0. When the instance steps into a new subprocess and creates a new process level, this process is given the ID of the first subflow to be created in that level.

Action at a Call Activity

When a subflow reaches Call Activity object, the parent subflow changes its status to in call activity and waits.

A new subflow is created, which runs using the called diagram. It starts at the main Start Event in the called diagram, and continues to execute the sequence flow in the new diagram. It has a status of running. This new subflow is running in a new Process Level and a new Diagram Level. A new variable scope is also created for the new diagram. The Diagram Level starts at the diagram Start Event, and runs until all processing in the diagram has completed or been terminated.

If the Called Diagram contains a Sub Process, processing will step into that sub Process, starting another new Process Level, etc.

When the called diagram process flow reaches an End Event in the Diagram:

  • the subflow completes.
  • If there are no other subflows active in the sub process, the sub process is also then deemed to have completed, and so the Process Level is complete, and control passes back to the parent subflow in the Calling Diagram.
  • the parent process task, which has been waiting, changes its status from in call activity to running, and continues to operate at the parent Process level by doing a flow_complete_step operation.

If a call activity itself contains a callActivity object, new Diagram Levels, scopes, and Process Levels are opened for each level of called diagram, allowing call activities and sub processes to be nested indefinitely.

As an implementation detail, the Diagram Level of the top diagram in a process instance is always Diagram_level 0. When the instance steps into a new called diagram and creates a new diagram level, this diagram is given the ID of the first subflow to be created in that level (which is also the process_level of the top level process level in the diagram). The scope ID is also set to the ID of the first subflow to be created in that level. See ‘About Variable Scoping’ for more information about scope.

Note that while scope and diagram level currently have identical values, this will not always be true. Future mplementation of other features in subsequent releases will result in scope and diagram level not always being the same – so please use scope when you want a variable scope, and diagram_level when you mean Diagram Level to avoid future problems!

Action at a Timer

If a subflow reaches an object with an attached timer – such as a Timer Start Event or a Timer Intermediate Catch Event – the subflow is given a status of waiting for timer until the timer has expired and the process can continue, which it does with a status of running.

If the timer is a Repeating or Cycle Timer, it can fire multiple times, optionally up to a maximum number of runs. Each time the timer fires, it will first check if it needs to reschedule another repeat / cycle, before executing the forward path. If another cycle is required, it will create a new subflow for the next cycle, and set a timer on that subflow at the current time plus the specified cycle interval. Repeating Timers are only used for non-interrupting timer boundary events.

Action at an Event Based Gateway

An Event Based Gateway is a decision / gateway event where the single forward path is chosen based on which event occurs first. Once an event occurs on one of the possible forward paths, all other paths are terminated and the flow continues forward on the one chosen path.

In our subflow architecture, the event starts operating as if it was a parallel gateway. The incoming parent subflow is suspended with a status of split. A child subflow is created for each of the possible forward paths. Each child subflow will start with a first object, which is an event-based Intermediate Catch Event – such as a Timer Intermediate Catch Event or (in a release after 5.0…), a Message Intermediate Catch Event or a Signal Intermediate Catch Event or a Condition based Intermediate Catch Event.

Each of these child subflows will start with an Intermediate Catch Event, and while these subflows are waiting for their respective events, they will have a status of waiting for timer or (later…) waiting for message or waiting for signal or waiting for condition, as appropriate.

Once one of these Intermediate Catch Events receives its event, the following occurs:

  • the event based Gateway parent subflow, which was left waiting with a status of split, will be used for the forward flow. Its current object is set to the Intermediate Catch Event which fired first. Its status is reset to running. A flow_complete_step is performed on that subflow to move the subflow on.
  • all of the child subflows forward from the gateway are terminated and removed.

Action at an End Event

When a subflow reaches an End Event, it completes and is removed.

At the end of a sub process, if there are no other active subflows, the sub process completes, the Process Level completes, and control is passed back to its parent subflow, which resumes and steps forward in the parent Process Level by issuing a flow_complete_step call to move to the next object.

At the end of a process, the engine checks whether there are any other subflows still active. If not, the Process Instance has completed and the Process has its process status set to completed.

If the End Event is a Terminating End Event inside a SubProcess, all processing on the subflow and all other subflows at that Process Level, including any lower level SubProcesses (running at lower Process Levels), are terminated and the parent subflow progresses to the object after the SubProcess object in the parent Process Level.

If the End Event is a Terminating End Event in the top Process Level of an Instance, all processing of the Instance stops. Depending on the definition of the Terminating End Event in the BPMN model, you can control whether the Flow Instance is marked with a status of terminated or completed. If, for example, you use a Terminate End Event in your model to trap a process error, you can set the resulting Instance status as terminated so that an administrator is aware that the process instance did not run to its normal, successful solution.

A Message End Event 🆕, at the end of a sub-process or a process additionally throws a messageto its specified endpoint.

Completion is logged in the instance event log, if logging is enabled.

Action at a ReceiveTask or an Intermediate Message Catch Event.

The Receive Task or Message Catch Event uses its object definition to create a Message Subscription in the flow_message_subscriptions table, telling the incoming message receiver which process to call back and which handler to use when a matching message arrives. The subflow is then put into waiting for message status, and waits for a matching message to arrive.

When a matching message arrives (matching 100% on all of Message Name, Key Name, and Key Value’), the message payload is placed into its specified process variable, the subflow is placed back into running status, and the subflow steps forward. More details.

Action at a SendTask or an Intermediate Message Throw Event

The SendTask or Message Throw Event uses its object definition to create a message header (Message Name, Key Name, Key Value) and payload, if required, and then sends it to the specified endpoint. In v23.1, this can only be in the local APEX Workspace.

Action at an Interrupting Boundary Event.

Boundary Events can be Interrupting or Non-Interrupting.

An Interrupting Boundary Event, when fired, becomes the new forward path for the subflow that it is placed on. Processing on the original path of the subflow is interrupted immediately, the interrupting boundary event becomes the current event, and a flow_step_complete call is then made on the subflow to step the process onto the event following the boundary event.

Action at a Non-Interrupting Boundary Event.

Boundary Events can be Interrupting or Non-Interrupting.

A Non-Interrupting Boundary Event adds a new subflow starting at the triggering boundary event. This subflow will operate in parallel with the triggering subflow, until it completes.

Timer Non-Interrupting Boundary Event. When an object has an attached non-interrupting timer boundary event and that object becomes the current object, a new subflow is forked with the timer as its current object. This happens as soon as the parent object becomes the current object; the new timer is started on the forked subflow.

  • If the parent object completes before the timer fires, the timer and its subflow is deleted before the next object on the subflow becomes current.
  • If the timer fires while the parent is still the current object on its subflow, the forked subflow proceeds to its next object. If the parent then proceeds on its subflow, the forked boundary event subflow continues until it completes.
  • Timer non-interrupting boundary events can be defined repeating or cycle timers; If so, the engine will create a new subflow for the next run of the timer and set a timer on it, before moving forwards on the forked boundary event subflow.

Non-Timer Non-Interrupting Boundary Events. For example, a non-interrupting escalation boundary event. These boundary events only fork off a new subflow if the relevant event event fires. For example, if a sub process had an attached Non-Interrupting Escalation Boundary Event, the escalation subflow is only created if an escalation event is fired from inside the sub process, which is then caught by the matching boundary event.

Action when a ScriptTask or ServiceTask Fails

A ScriptTask or ServiceTask can fail due to an error in the script or encountering unexpected data. The script can also request that processing stop by raising a predefined Flows for APEX exception. When this occurs, the subflow will be set to a status of error, and the instance will also be set to status of error.

When an error occurs, an administrator can investigate the cause of the error by examining debug logs, the error codes, and process variable state. Once the error has been fixed, the current ScriptTask or ServiceTask can be restarted from the Flow Monitor application or from the PL/SQL API using flow_restart_step. This will reset the subflow status to running, set the instance status to running if there are no other error subflows, and attempt to re-run the script task or service task.

Action when a Process is Reset

Note that resetting a process is not intended to be a common, day-to-day operation, and is included as an administrator function. A process should be re-run by creating a new process instance in most normal operational cases.

When a process is reset:

  • any event handlers, such as timers, are terminated.
  • any current subflows are removed.
  • process progress is reset to not started. All progress information shown in the Flow Viewer is removed.
  • any process variables attached to the instance, except for built-ins like BUSINESS_REF, are deleted.
  • Note that this behavior changed in v21.1 - prior to v21.1, all process variables were retained on a reset.
  • the process status is reset to created.
  • Note that if you are using Call Activities, the diagram call structure is not recalculated. See Call Activities documentation. So if you change the diagrams and call structure of a process, you will need to start a new instance for this to take effect.
  • the reset is logged in the instance event log, if logging is enabled.

Action when a Process is Terminated

When a process is terminated from the PL/SQL API, the effect is the same as if the Flow had processed a Terminate End Event at its current position:

  • any event handlers, such as timers, are terminated and deleted.
  • any current subflows are removed.
  • process progress recorded in the subflow log (FLOWS_SUBFLOW_LOG) is retained.
  • all associated process variables are retained.
  • the process instance is set to terminated.
  • termination is logged in the instance event log, if logging is enabled.

Action when a Process is Deleted

When a process is deleted:

  • any event handlers, such as timers, are terminated and deleted.
  • any current subflows are removed.
  • process progress recorded in the subflow log (FLOWS_SUBFLOW_LOG) is removed.
  • all associated process variables are deleted.
  • the process instance record is removed.
  • deletion is logged in the instance event log, if logging is enabled.

On Performance, Auditing and Logging…

The Subflow architecture implemented from V4 onwards is designed to be performant and the working tables holding Process Instances, Subflows, Timers, and Subflow Progress have been designed with the intention that they should stay small, un-cluttered, and hopefully cached!

The Flow, Instance, Subflow and Variable event log tables are designed to hold longer term event logging and audit trail data for your system. Depending upon the logging level set for your system, these logs can grow to become quite large, especially if process variable logging is enabled.

  • The event logs will grow continuously, and are not deleted by the system when the subject instance is deleted.
  • If you have audit requirements, you should develop a retention plan to archive and manage these logs to meet your requirements.
  • Any log data can be deleted without damaging your system. However, removing log data for Instances that are still active or completed (i.e., have not yet been deleted) will remove information about the instance from the engine application.